Andrea Yutzill Puebla Rubiales

The microscope

The microscope was invented about the year 1610, for Galilean, according to the Italian ones, or for Zacharias Janssen, in opinion of the Dutches. That of William Harvey on the blood traffic on having observed to the microscope the blood capillaries and Robert Hooke publishes his work Micrographia.
In 1665 Hooke observed with a microscope thin court of cork and noticed that the material was porous. And with pores, in his set, they were forming slightly deep cavities like boxes to which he called cells. It was a question of the first observation of dead cells. A few years later, Malpighi, anatomist and Italian biologist, observed alive cells. It was the first one in studying alive fabrics to the microscope.
In the middle of the XVIIth century a Dutch, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, using simple microscopes of own manufacture, described for the first time protozoos, bacteria, sperms and red blood cells. Leeuwenhoek, without any scientific preparation, he can be considered to be the founder of the bacteriology. He itself was carving his magnifying glass on small spheres of crystal, which diameters were not reaching the millimeter (his field of vision was very limited, of tenths of millimeter). With these small focal distances he was reaching 275 increases. He, observed the globules of the blood, the bacteria and the protozoos; he examined for the first time the red blood cells and discovered that the semen contains sperms. During his life he did not reveal his secret methods and to his death, in 1723, 26 of his devices they were yielded to the Royal Society of London.
During the 18th century he continued the progress and achromatic lenses were achieved by glass association flint and crown obtained in 1740 by H. M. Hall and improved by John Dollond. Of this epoch they are the studies effected by Isaac Newton and Leonhard Euler. In the 19th century, on there having be discovered that the dispersion and the refraction could modify with suitable combinations of two or more optical means, there are thrown to the market achromatic excellent lenses.
During the 18th century the microscope had diverse mechanical advances that increased his stability and his facility of use, though optical improvements did not develop for the present time. The most important improvements of the optics arose in 1877, when Ernst Abbe published his theory of the microscope and, for Carl Zeiss's order; he improved the microscopy of dip replacing the water with oil of cedar, which allows to obtain increases of 2000. At the beginning of the year 1930 the theoretical limit had been reached for the optical microscopes, not obtaining these top increases to 500X or 1000X. Nevertheless, there existed a scientific desire to observe the details of cellular structures (nucleus, mitochondrion, etc.).
The electronic microscope of transmission was the first type of electronic developed microscope. A bundle of electrons uses instead of light to focus the sample obtaining increases of 100.000X. It was developed by Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska in Germany in 1931. Later, in 1942 there develops the electronic microscope of sweep.


- Who was the microscope invented by?
according to italians, the microscope was invented by Galileo.
according to the dutches, it was invented by Zacharias Janssen.

- When was the microscope invented?
the microscope was invented in 1610

- Who was the electronic microscope invented by?
the electronic microscope was invented by Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska

-When was the electronic microscope invented?
the electronic microscope was invented in 1931

-Where was the electronic microscope invented?
the electronic microscope was invented in Germany